“Every age has its own fascism,” Primo Levi famously wrote in his essay, “A Past We Thought Would Never Return.” “And we see the warning signs wherever the concentration of power denies citizens the possibility and the means of expressing and acting on their own free will.” Perhaps readers will have images of terrorists storming the Capitol of the United States in mind as they read this. But if the January 6th attack on the Capitol represents a return of fascism, when was it here before? Where has it been? Can we speak of fascism when we are describing an uprising driven by white supremacists, Confederate apologists, economic populists, Christian nationalists, and political demagogues? Is fascism an appropriate category to understand this moment, or does it speak of a past that has been worked through, a past we have moved beyond? If we find fascism in the streets and in the media, should we also be looking elsewhere? Are all of these things fascist if they do not articulate with the workings of industry, finance, and the state? The essays that we have assembled here are the first, urgent answers to these questions for 2021. They represent ethnographic perspectives on the lead up to and moment of insurrection; the character of fascism from other vantages worldwide; and emergent forms of American fascism. Each, in its own way, takes up Levi’s concern with a past many thought would never return. And yet, they are also provocations for the future, for the anthropological work that lies ahead.